debian ZakariaMustin

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<a href="http://itisnot12.blogspot.co.id/"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 24.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">Pengantar
Teknologi Informasi</span></b></a><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 24.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">:</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 24.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Jaringan
Komputer Sebagai Pusat Informasi Global </span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 24.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">Sejarah Komputer</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt;">Komputer
Generasi I</span></h3>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt;">Sejarah komputer generasi pertama mulai
hadir pada tahun 1946 - 1956, beberapa ciri utama dari generasi ini di
antaranya:</span></div>
<ul type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l9 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt;">Menggunakan
     tabung hampa udara <i>(vacuum tubes)</i> sebagai sirkuitnya.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l9 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt;">Ukuran
     fisik komputer besar sehingga memerlukan ruangan yang luas serta memakai
     daya listrik yang besar.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l9 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt;">Memiliki
     media penyimpanan luar berupa magnetik tape atau magnetik drum.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l9 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><img align="left" alt="ENIAC sejarah komputer" height="97" hspace="12" src="file:///C:\Users\acer\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image002.jpg" width="127" /><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt;">Hanya dapat
     dikendalikan oleh bahasa mesin <i>(machine language) </i></span></li>
</ul>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt;">Adapun
contoh komputer generasi pertama ini di antaranya:</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt;">ENIAC
(Electronik Numerical Integrator and Computer) </span></h4>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt;">ENIAC <i>(Electronik Numerical
Integrator and Computer)</i> yang dikembangkan tahun 1946 oleh <b>John W.
Mauchly</b> dan <b>J. Presper Eckert</b> dari Universitas Pennsylvania
merupakan First General Purpose Electronic Computer.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt;">UNIVAC
(Universal Automatic Computer) </span></h4>
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<img align="left" alt="UNIVAC sejarah komputer" height="87" hspace="12" src="file:///C:\Users\acer\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image004.jpg" width="109" /><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt;">UNIVAC <i>(Universal
Automatic Computer)</i> sudah menggunakan pita magnetik sebagai media input dan
outputnya. Merupakan komputer komersial pertama yang dipakai oleh Biro Sensus
Amerika Serikat untuk digunakan dalam menghitung sensus penduduk dan sebagai
komputer pertama yang dibuat untuk tujuan aplikasi bisnis.</span></div>
<h4 style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="height: 101px; left: -1px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: relative; top: 0px; width: 116px; z-index: 3;"><img alt="IBM 701 sejarah komputer" height="101" src="file:///C:\Users\acer\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image006.jpg" width="116" /></span><br clear="ALL" style="mso-ignore: vglayout;" />
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt;">IBM 701
dan IBM650 </span></h4>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt;">IBM 701 dan IBM650 yang sudah merupakan
komputer komersial berukuran besar. Sudah menggunakan magnetik drum untuk media
penyimpanan luarnya.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt;">Komputer
Generasi II</span></h3>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt;">Sejarah komputer generasi kedua mulai
populer pada awal tahun 1960-an. Beberapa ciri utama dari generasi ini di
antaranya: </span></div>
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<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l6 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt;">Sudah
     menggunakan transistor untuk sirkuitnya. Transistor dikembangkan di Bell
     Laboratories tahun 1947.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l6 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt;">Lebih
     kecil, cepat, dapat diandalkan, dan hemat energi dibanding generasi
     komputer pertama.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l6 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt;">Menggunakan
     bahasa assembly yang terdiri dari singkatan-singkatan untuk menggantikan
     kode biner</span></li>
</ul>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt;">Contoh komputer
generasi kedua yang dikembangkan saat itu adalah <b>IBM 1401.</b> Sejak tahun
1965, sebagian besar bisnis-bisnis besar menggunakan komputer generasi ini
untuk mengolah informasi keuangan.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-no-proof: yes;"><img alt="IBM 1401 sejarah komputer" border="0" height="115" src="file:///C:\Users\acer\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image008.jpg" width="203" /></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt;"> Komputer
Generasi III</span></h3>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt;">Adapun contoh komputer generasi ketiga
ini di antaranya:</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt;">IBM
S/360</span></h4>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-no-proof: yes;"><img alt="IBM S/360 sejarah komputer" border="0" height="144" src="file:///C:\Users\acer\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image010.jpg" width="168" /></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt;">IBM S/360 yang dirancang untuk
bisnis dan teknik.</span></div>
<h4>
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt;">GE 600
dan GE 235  </span></h4>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-no-proof: yes;"><img alt="GE 235 sejarah komputer" border="0" height="103" src="file:///C:\Users\acer\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image012.jpg" width="163" /></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt;">General Electric mengeluarkan GE
600 dan GE 235.</span></div>
<h4>
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt;">NCR
Century </span></h4>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-no-proof: yes;"><img alt="NCR Century sejarah komputer" border="0" height="102" src="file:///C:\Users\acer\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image014.jpg" width="210" /></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt;">National Cash Register
mengeluarkan NCR seri Century</span></div>
<h3>
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt;">Komputer
Generasi IV </span></h3>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt;">Sejarah
komputer genarasi keempat (1971), beberapa ciri utama dari generasi ini di
antaranya:</span></div>
<ul type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt;">Mulai dikembangkan
     komputer micro yang menggunakan prosesor dengan general purpose
     microprocessor yang dikembangkan oleh Intel (Intel 8080)</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt;">Mulai
     digunakannya LSI (Large Scale Intergartion) yang merupakan pemadatan
     beribu-ribu IC (Integrated Circuit) dalam sebuah chip. Kemudian
     dikembangkan menjadi VLSI (Very Large Scale Integration). </span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt;">Pada
     generasi ini hampir sebagian besar komputer telah menggunakan sistem
     operasi dengan konsep GUI (Grapihical User Interface). Seperti sistem
     operasi Microsoft Windows buatan </span><a href="http://www.microsoft.com/en-us?redir=true" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt;">Microsoft
     Corp</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt;">.</span></li>
</ul>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt;">Adapun contoh
komputer generasi keempat ini di antaranya:</span></div>
<h4>
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt;">Apple
II </span></h4>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-no-proof: yes;"><img alt="Apple II sejarah komputer" border="0" height="107" src="file:///C:\Users\acer\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image016.jpg" width="154" /></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt;"><br />
Apple II yang dikembangkan oleh<b> Steven Jobs</b> dan <b>Steve Wozniak.</b>
Gambar di atas komputer Apple II karya Steven Job dan Steve Wozniak.</span></div>
<h4>
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt;">IBM PC</span></h4>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-no-proof: yes;"><img alt="IBM PC sejarah komputer" border="0" height="107" src="file:///C:\Users\acer\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image018.jpg" width="140" /></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt;"><br />
IBM PC dengan kompatibelnya yang diproduksi massal oleh berbagai perusahaan
sehingga komputer micro memasyarakat hingga saat ini. IBM PC terus berkembang
mulai dari IBM PC/XT, IBM PC/AT, IBM PC/386, IBM PC/486 menggunakan
microprocessor intel 8088, 80286, 80386, 80486, selanjutnya menjadi seri Intel
Pentium. Yang memproduksi microprocessor selain perusahaan Intel, ada juga
perusahaan AMD (Advanced Micro Devices).</span></div>
<h3>
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt;"> </span></h3>
<h3>
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt;">Komputer
Generasi V </span></h3>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt;">Sejarah
komputer generasi V dikembangkan sejak tahun 1985, beberapa ciri utama dari
generasi ini di antaranya:</span></div>
<ul type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo4; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt;">Di Jepang
     didirikan ICOT <i>(Institute for new Computer Technology)</i> untuk
     mengembangkan komputer generasi kelima, yaitu menciptakan komputer yang
     powerfull dan intelligent.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo4; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt;">Dikembangkannya
     sistem komputer yang memiliki unsur artificial intelligence yang dapat
     mengerjakan tugas dengan karakteristik seperti manusia (intelligent,
     imagination, dan intuition) dengan natural language (bahasa sehari-hari).</span></li>
</ul>
<h3>
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt;">Charles
Babbage </span></h3>
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<img align="left" height="128" hspace="12" src="file:///C:\Users\acer\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image020.jpg" width="129" /><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt;">Seorang penemu
dan ahli matematik yang lahir di Inggris tahun 1791. Berhasil membuat model
mesin yang dinamakan Difference Engine dan merancang Analytical Engine. Di
kenal dengan sebuatan Bapak Komputer Modern (Father of the Modern Computer)
karena dalam rancangannya Analytical Engine mempunyai lima unsur yang terdapat
pada komputer modern, yaitu:</span></div>
<ul type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l8 level1 lfo5; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt;">Alat
     masukan (input device).</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l8 level1 lfo5; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt;">Tempat
     penyimpanan data yang akan diproses.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l8 level1 lfo5; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt;">Alat
     pemrosesan.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l8 level1 lfo5; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt;">Unit
     pengontrol pengolahan</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l8 level1 lfo5; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt;">Alat
     keluaran (output device) </span></li>
</ul>
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<h3>
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt;">Linus
Torvalds</span></h3>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt;">Tahun 1991 mengembangkan sistem <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">operasi Linux</b> yang kemudian
disebarluaskan secara Open Source. <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Sistem
operasi Linux banyak diaplikasikan untuk server pada sistem jaringan</b>.</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt; mso-no-proof: yes;"><img border="0" height="108" src="file:///C:\Users\acer\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image022.jpg" width="175" /></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;"></span></b></div>
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<br /></div>
<h3>
<span style="font-size: 16.0pt;">Macam-Macam Sistem Operasi Jaringan</span></h3>
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<span style="mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-no-proof: yes;"><img alt="jenis-jenis sistem operasi" border="0" height="240" src="file:///C:\Users\acer\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image023.jpg" width="320" /></span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;"></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 13.0pt;">1. Windows</span></b><span style="font-size: 13.0pt;"><br />
<br />
Microsoft Windows atau biasa kita sapa dengan sebutan Windows adalah sistem
operasi yang dikembangkan oleh Microsoft Corporation yang menggunakan antarmuka
berbasiskan GUI ( Grapgical User Interface) atau tampilan antar muka
bergrafis.Windows merupakan pengembangan dari sistem operasi Ms-DOS. Untuk
Windows versi pertama yang dikeluarkan adalah Windows Graphic Environment 1.0.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.0pt;"><br />
Generasi pertama sistem operasi Microsoft Windows yaitu Microsoft Windows 3.0
yang dirilis tahun 1990. Selanjutnya Microsoft merilis Microsoft Windows 3.1
(tahun 1992), Microsoft Windows NT (tahun 1993), Microsoft Windows 95,
Microsoft Windows 98, Microsoft Windows 2000, Microsoft WindowsXP, serta
Microsoft Windows Vista. Microsoft Windows 98 dirilis tahun 1998 sedangkan
Microsoft Windows 2000 dirilis tahun 2000. Microsoft Windows XP dirilis tahun
2001, Microsoft Windows Vista dirilis tahun 2007, Windows 7, Windows 8 dan
Windows versi terbaru yaitu Windows 10 <br />
<br />
<b>2. UNIX</b><br />
<br />
UNIX adalah sistem operasi yang ditulis dalam bahasa C sehingga UNIX pun mirip
dengan DOS yaitu berbasis text/Line Command Based, selain itu UNIX merupakan
sistem operasi yang paling secure dibanding sistem operasi lainnya karena
setiap file, direktori, user dan group memiliki akses tersendiri. Karena adanya
dukungan proyek GNU, maka selanjutnya UNIX berkembang menjadi Linux (salah satu
varian dari UNIX).<br />
<br />
Kelebihan dan kekurangan UNIX</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">     
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 13.0pt;">Sistem operasi
yang mendukung Multiuser dan Multitasking</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">     
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 13.0pt;">Dibuat di Bell
Laboratories awal tahun 1970.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">     
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 13.0pt;">Tidak user
friendly</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">     
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 13.0pt;">Dapat menangani
pemrosesan yang besar.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">     
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 13.0pt;">Menyediakan
layanan internet seperti web server, terminal emulation (telnet), akses
database dan Network File System (NFS).</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">     
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 13.0pt;">Trade mark dari
UNIX sekarang dipegang oleh the open group. </span></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 13.0pt;">3.
LINUX</span></b><span style="font-size: 13.0pt;"><br />
<br />
Linux merupakan sistem operasi yang dikembangkan oleh Linus Trovald. Pada
awalnya Linux dibuat sekedar emulasi terminal yang dibutuhkan untuk mengakses
server UNIX di universitasnya. Linux merupakan kloningan dari MINIX (salah satu
varian dari UNIX), peralatan sistem dan pustakanya berasal dari sistem operasi
GNU.<br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" />
<br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" />
</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.0pt;">Linux
memiliki banyak desain yang berasal dari desain dasar UNIX. Linux menggunakan
Kernel Monolitik yaitu Kernel Linux yang khusus menangani kontrol proses,
jaringan, feriferal dan pengaksesan sistem berkas. Sama seperti UNIX, Linux pun
dapat dikendalikan oleh satu atau lebih antar muka baris perintah ( Command
Line Interface/CLI) dan antarmuka pengguna grafis ( Graphical User Interface).<br />
<br />
Perbedaan utama antara Linux dengan sistem operasi populer lainnya terletak
pada kernel dan komponen-komponen lainnya yang bebas dan terbuka. Sama seperti
UNIX, Linux berkonsentrasi pada Workstation dan server. Banyak server yang
menggunakan Linux karena Linux sangat stabil digunakan untuk jangka waktu lama
dan kebal terhadap malware.<br />
<br />
Satu hal lagi yang membedakan Linux dengan sistem operasi lainnya adalah
masalah harga. Kebanyakan Linux dapat diperoleh secara gratis walaupun ada yang
berbayar (license). Linux dapat didistribusikan tanpa harus membayar royalti
kepada pemiliknya.<br />
<br />
Linux disusun berdasarkan standar sistem operasi POSIX yang diturunkan dari
UNIX itu sendiri. Ada berbagai macam Distro Linux seperti <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Debian</b>, Lycoris, Xandros, Lindows, Linare, Mandrake, RedHat,
Ubuntu, Slackware, Knoppix, Fedora dan Suse.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">     
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 13.0pt;">Kelebihan dan
Kekurangan Sistem Operasi Linux adalah sebagai berikut : </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">     
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 13.0pt;">Turunan dari UNIX
yang merupakan freeware dan powerfull operating system.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">     
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 13.0pt;">Linux merupakan
sistem operasi yang dapat digunakan sebagai server dan client.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">     
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 13.0pt;">Memiliki
implementasi lengkap dari arsitektur TCP/IP </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">     
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 13.0pt;">Layanan yang
disediakan oleh oleh Linux yang berbasiskan TCP/IP Suite <br />
Web server : Apache<br />
Web proxy : Squid<br />
File & Printing sharing : Samba<br />
Email : Sendmail<br />
DNS</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">     
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 13.0pt;"> Bersifat
open source sehingga mudah dikembangkan. </span></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 13.0pt;">4. IBM OS</span></b><span style="font-size: 13.0pt;"><br />
Sistem operasi IBM OS/2 dibuat secara bersama-sama oleh International Bussiness
Machine Corporation dan Microsoft Corporation, untuk digunakan pada komputer
IBM sebagai pengganti sistem operasi DOS. <br />
Kata OS/2 memiliki kepanjangan Operating System / 2. Sistem operasi ini dibuat
agar dapat menggunakan kemampuan penuh dari Mikroprosesor Intel 80280 termasuk
diantaranya adalah modus terproteksi (Protected Mode), mampu menjalankan tugas
secara simultan, serta mendukung Memori Virtual. Dengan tetap mempertahankan
kompatibilitas dengan banyak perangkat lunak DOS yang beredar pada saat itu.<br />
<br />
Kelebihan dan kekurangan Sistem Operasi IBM/OS 2</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">     
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 13.0pt;">32 bit operating
sistem yang dibuat oleh Microsoft dan IBM, tetapi kini dikelola oleh IBM.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">     
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 13.0pt;">mirip seperti
Windows, tetapi memiliki fitur seperti Linux dan Xenix. </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">     
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 13.0pt;">Penggunaan
dihentikan pada tahun 2006</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">     
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 13.0pt;">IBM menggunakan
Linux dan keluarga Windows.</span></div>
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<br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" />
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<b><span style="font-size: 13.0pt;">5. MAC OS ( Macintosh Operating System)</span></b><span style="font-size: 13.0pt;"><br />
<br />
MAC OS atau Macintosh Operating System adalah sistem operasi yang dibuat oleh
Apple Computer digunakan khusus untuk Macintosh Computer dan tidak kompatibel
dengan komputer IBM. MAC OS merupakan sistem operasi pertama yang menggunakan
pengguna antarmuka grafis (Graphical User Interface/GUI) <br />
<br />
Kelebihan Sistem Operasi MAC OS</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">     
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 13.0pt;">Stabil, karena
menggunakan UNIX</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">     
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 13.0pt;">Multitasking</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">     
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 13.0pt;">Tampilan User
Interface (UI) sangat bagus</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">     
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 13.0pt;">Aman dari malware</span></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 13.0pt;">6.
FREE BSD</span></b><span style="font-size: 13.0pt;"><br />
FreeBSD adalah sistem operasi bertipe UNIX bebas yang diturunkan  UNIX
AT&T.  FreeBSD berjalan diatas sistem Intel X6. FreeBSD sendiri muncul
pada tahun 1993 oleh David Greenman. Tujuan dari FreeBSD adalah menyediakan
software untuk berbagai kepentingan. FreeBSD dikembangkan dari 386BSD sebuah
proyek pengembangan BSD OS yang berjalan diatas chip Intel.<br />
<br />
<b>7. SOLARIS</b><br />
Sistem operasi Solaris adalah termasuk jenis sistem operasi turunan dari UNIX
yang dikembangkan oleh Sun Microsystem pada tahun 1992 sebagai pendukung SunOS.
Solaris terkenal karena kestabilannya, khususnya pada sistem SPARC (Scalable
Processor Architecture). Solaris disertifikasikan ke dalam spesifikasi UNIX,
walaupun pada awal pengembangannya diciptakan untuk kepentingan pribadi.
Kebanyakan kode dasarnya sekarang ini merupakan software opensource yang
dikenal dengan OpenSolaris. OpenSolaris adalah open source versi sistem operasi
Sun Solaris. Sun Solaris terdiri dari lebih beberapa kode yang tidak hanya inti
dari sistem operasi, misalnya Source untuk installer, desktop dan software.<br />
<br />
Konsep Open Solaris adalah sebagai berikut :<br />
1. Free Redistribution : distribusi secara bebas.<br />
2. Source Kode : sumber source harus tersedia untuk semua distribusi.<br />
3. Derived Work : setiap orang bisa mengubah kode dan mendistribusikan kembali.<br />
4. No Discrimination : kode harus disediakan bagi pengguna untuk dikembangkan. <br />
<br />
<b>8. NOVELL NETWARE</b> <br />
Novell NetWare adalah sistem operasi jaringan yang umum digunakan untuk
komputer IBM dan kompatibelnya. Sistem Operasi ini dikembangkan oleh Novell dan
dibuat berbasiskan tumpukan protokol Xerox XNS. <br />
<br />
Novell adalah salah satu perusahaan perangkat lunak yang sempat memimpin sistem
operasi jaringan (NOS). Perusahaan ini bernama Novell. Inc yang menjual
Netware, yang merupakan NOS yang paling banyak digunakan di dunia.<br />
<br />
Kelebihan dan Kekurangan Novell Netware adalah sebagai berikut :<br />
1. Dahulu digunakan sebagai LAN-Based Network Operating System<br />
2. Dibuat oleh Novell Inc.<br />
3. Banyak digunakan pada awal dan pertengahan tahun 1990.<br />
4. Konsep : pembagian disk space dan printer<br />
5. File sharing : layanan modul file, pencarian lokasi fisik dilakukan di
server.<br />
6. Meng-Chacing file yang sedanf aktif.<br />
7. Netware Core Protocol (NCP) lebih efektif.</span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;"></span></b></div>
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<u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 24.0pt;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"> </span></span></u></h3>
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<u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 24.0pt;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"> </span></span></u></h3>
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<u><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 24.0pt;">Sejarah
Jaringan Komputer</span></u><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"></span></h3>
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<span style="font-size: 13.0pt;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=University_of_California,_Los_Angeles&action=edit&redlink=1" title="University of California, Los Angeles (halaman belum tersedia)"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">University of
Califor</span><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 11.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-field-code: "HYPERLINK \0022http\:\/\/id\.wikipedia\.org\/wiki\/Jaringan_komputer\0022";"><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt;">Jaringan
komputer</span></u></span></span><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"> yang dibentuk oleh
Departemen Pertahanan </span><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 11.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-field-code: "HYPERLINK \0022http\:\/\/id\.wikipedia\.org\/wiki\/Amerika_Serikat\0022";"><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt;">Amerika Serikat</span></u></span></span><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"> di tahun </span><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 11.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-field-code: "HYPERLINK \0022http\:\/\/id\.wikipedia\.org\/wiki\/1969\0022";"><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt;">1969</span></u></span></span><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">, melalui proyek </span><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 11.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-field-code: "HYPERLINK \0022http\:\/\/id\.wikipedia\.org\/w\/index\.php?title=ARPA&action=edit&redlink=1\0022 \\o \0022ARPA \(halaman belum tersedia\)\0022";"><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt;">ARPA</span></u></span></span><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"> yang disebut </span><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 11.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-field-code: "HYPERLINK \0022http\:\/\/id\.wikipedia\.org\/wiki\/ARPANET\0022";"><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt;">ARPANET</span></u></span></span><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"> (<em>Advanced Research Project Agency Network</em>),
di mana mereka mendemonstrasikan bagaimana dengan </span><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 11.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-field-code: "HYPERLINK \0022http\:\/\/id\.wikipedia\.org\/wiki\/Hardware\0022 \\o \0022Hardware\0022";"><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt;">hardware</span></u></span></span><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"> dan </span><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 11.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-field-code: "HYPERLINK \0022http\:\/\/id\.wikipedia\.org\/wiki\/Software\0022 \\o \0022Software\0022";"><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt;">software</span></u></span></span><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"> komputer yang berbasis </span><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 11.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-field-code: "HYPERLINK \0022http\:\/\/id\.wikipedia\.org\/wiki\/UNIX\0022 \\o \0022UNIX\0022";"><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt;">UNIX</span></u></span></span><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">, kita bisa melakukan komunikasi dalam jarak yang
tidak terhingga melalui saluran telepon. Proyek ARPANET merancang bentuk
jaringan, kehandalan, seberapa besar informasi dapat dipindahkan, dan akhirnya
semua standar yang mereka tentukan menjadi cikal bakal pembangunan protokol
baru yang sekarang dikenal sebagai </span><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 11.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-field-code: "HYPERLINK \0022http\:\/\/id\.wikipedia\.org\/wiki\/TCP\/IP\0022 \\o \0022TCP\/IP\0022";"><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt;">TCP/IP</span></u></span></span><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"> (</span><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 11.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-field-code: "HYPERLINK \0022http\:\/\/id\.wikipedia\.org\/wiki\/Transmission_Control_Protocol\0022";"><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt;">Transmission
Control Protocol</span></u></span></span><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">/</span><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 11.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-field-code: "HYPERLINK \0022http\:\/\/id\.wikipedia\.org\/wiki\/Internet_Protocol\0022 \\o \0022Internet Protocol\0022";"><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt;">Internet
Protocol</span></u></span></span><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">).<br />
<br />
Tujuan awal dibangunnya proyek itu adalah untuk keperluan militer. Pada saat
itu </span><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 11.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-field-code: "HYPERLINK \0022http\:\/\/id\.wikipedia\.org\/w\/index\.php?title=Departemen_Pertahanan_Amerika_Serikat&action=edit&redlink=1\0022 \\o \0022Departemen Pertahanan Amerika Serikat \(halaman belum tersedia\)\0022";"><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt;">Departemen
Pertahanan Amerika Serikat</span></u></span></span><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"> (US Department of Defense) membuat sistem </span><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 11.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-field-code: "HYPERLINK \0022http\:\/\/id\.wikipedia\.org\/wiki\/Jaringan_komputer\0022";"><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt;">jaringan
komputer</span></u></span></span><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"> yang tersebar
dengan menghubungkan komputer di daerah-daerah vital untuk mengatasi masalah
bila terjadi serangan </span><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 11.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-field-code: "HYPERLINK \0022http\:\/\/id\.wikipedia\.org\/wiki\/Nuklir\0022";"><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt;">nuklir</span></u></span></span><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"> dan untuk menghindari terjadinya informasi terpusat,
yang apabila terjadi perang dapat mudah dihancurkan.<br />
<br />
Pada mulanya ARPANET hanya menghubungkan 4 situs saja yaitu </span><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 11.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-field-code: "HYPERLINK \0022http\:\/\/id\.wikipedia\.org\/w\/index\.php?title=Stanford_Research_Institute&action=edit&redlink=1\0022 \\o \0022Stanford Research Institute \(halaman belum tersedia\)\0022";"><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt;">Stanford
Research Institute</span></u></span></span><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">, </span><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 11.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-field-code: "HYPERLINK \0022http\:\/\/id\.wikipedia\.org\/w\/index\.php?title=University_of_California&action=edit&redlink=1\0022 \\o \0022University of California \(halaman belum tersedia\)\0022";"><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt;">University of
California</span></u></span></span><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">, </span><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 11.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-field-code: "HYPERLINK \0022http\:\/\/id\.wikipedia\.org\/wiki\/Santa_Barbara\0022";"><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt;">Santa Barbara</span></u></span></span><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">, </span><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 11.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-field-code: "HYPERLINK \0022http\:\/\/id\.wikipedia\.org\/w\/index\.php?title=University_of_Utah&action=edit&redlink=1\0022 \\o \0022University of Utah \(halaman belum tersedia\)\0022";"><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt;">University of
Utah</span></u></span></span><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">, di mana mereka
membentuk satu jaringan terpadu di tahun </span><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 11.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-field-code: "HYPERLINK \0022http\:\/\/id\.wikipedia\.org\/wiki\/1969\0022";"><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt;">1969</span></u></span></span><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">, dan secara umum ARPANET diperkenalkan pada bulan </span><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 11.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-field-code: "HYPERLINK \0022http\:\/\/id\.wikipedia\.org\/wiki\/Oktober\0022";"><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt;">Oktober</span></u></span></span><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"> </span><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 11.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-field-code: "HYPERLINK \0022http\:\/\/id\.wikipedia\.org\/wiki\/1972\0022";"><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt;">1972</span></u></span></span><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">. Tidak lama kemudian proyek ini berkembang pesat di
seluruh daerah, dan semua </span><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 11.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-field-code: "HYPERLINK \0022http\:\/\/id\.wikipedia\.org\/wiki\/Universitas\0022";"><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt;">universitas</span></u></span></span><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"> di </span><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 11.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-field-code: "HYPERLINK \0022http\:\/\/id\.wikipedia\.org\/wiki\/Negara\0022";"><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt;">negara</span></u></span></span><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"> tersebut ingin bergabung, sehingga membuat ARPANET
kesulitan untuk mengaturnya.<br />
<br />
Oleh sebab itu ARPANET dipecah manjadi dua, yaitu “MILNET” untuk keperluan
militer dan “ARPANET” baru yang lebih kecil untuk keperluan non-militer
seperti, universitas-universitas. Gabungan kedua jaringan akhirnya dikenal
dengan nama </span><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 11.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-field-code: "HYPERLINK \0022http\:\/\/id\.wikipedia\.org\/w\/index\.php?title=DARPA_Internet&action=edit&redlink=1\0022 \\o \0022DARPA Internet \(halaman belum tersedia\)\0022";"><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt;">DARPA Internet</span></u></span></span><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">, yang kemudian disederhanakan menjadi </span><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 11.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-field-code: "HYPERLINK \0022http\:\/\/id\.wikipedia\.org\/wiki\/Internet\0022";"><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt;">Internet</span></u></span><span style="mso-field-code: "HYPERLINK \0022http\:\/\/ardiansyahtkj86\.wordpress\.com\/2011\/03\/06\/sejarah-jaringan-komputer\/\0022 \\o \0022Sejarah Jaringan Komputer\0022";"><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt;">.</span></u></span></span><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><br />
Global/Dunia yang dimulai pada 1969 ketika Departemen Pertahanan Amerika, U.S.
Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) memutuskan untuk mengadakan
riset tentang bagaimana caranya menghubungkan sejumlah komputer sehingga
membentuk jaringan organik. Program riset ini dikenal dengan nama ARPANET. Pada
1970, sudah lebih dari 10 komputer yang berhasil dihubungkan satu sama lain
sehingga mereka bisa saling berkomunikasi dan membentuk sebuah jaringan.<br />
<br />
Tahun 1972, Roy Tomlinson berhasil menyempurnakan program e-mail yang ia
ciptakan setahun yang lalu untuk ARPANET. Program e-mail ini begitu mudah,
sehingga langsung menjadi populer. Pada tahun yang sama, icon @ juga
diperkenalkan sebagai lambang penting yang menunjukan “at” atau “pada”. Tahun
1973, jaringan komputer ARPANET mulai dikembangkan meluas ke luar Amerika
Serikat. Komputer University College di London merupakan komputer pertama yang
ada di luar Amerika yang menjadi anggota jaringan Arpanet. Pada tahun yang
sama, dua orang ahli komputer yakni Vinton Cerf dan Bob Kahn mempresentasikan
sebuah gagasan yang lebih besar, yang menjadi cikal bakal pemikiran
International Network (Internet).<br />
<br />
Ide ini dipresentasikan untuk pertama kalinya di Universitas Sussex. Hari
bersejarah berikutnya adalah tanggal 26 Maret 1976, ketika Ratu Inggris
berhasil mengirimkan e-mail dari Royal Signals and Radar Establishment di
Malvern. Setahun kemudian, sudah lebih dari 100 komputer yang bergabung di
ARPANET membentuk sebuah jaringan atau network.<br />
<br />
Pada 1979, Tom Truscott, Jim Ellis dan Steve Bellovin, menciptakan newsgroups
pertama yang diberi nama USENET. Tahun 1981 France Telecom menciptakan gebrakan
dengan meluncurkan telpon televisi pertama, di mana orang bisa saling menelpon
sambil berhubungan dengan video link.<br />
<br />
Karena komputer yang membentuk jaringan semakin hari semakin banyak, maka
dibutuhkan sebuah protokol resmi yang diakui oleh semua jaringan. Pada tahun
1982 dibentuk <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Transmission Control
Protocol atau TCP dan IP</b> yang kini kita kenal semua. Sementara itu di Eropa
muncul jaringan komputer tandingan yang dikenal dengan Eunet, yang menyediakan
jasa jaringan komputer di negara-negara Belanda, Inggris, Denmark dan Swedia.
Jaringan Eunet menyediakan jasa e-mail dan newsgroup USENET. Untuk
menyeragamkan alamat di jaringan komputer yang ada, maka pada tahun 1984
diperkenalkan domain name system, yang kini kita kenal dengan DNS. Komputer
yang tersambung dengan jaringan yang ada sudah melebihi 1000 komputer lebih.
Pada 1987 jumlah komputer yang tersambung ke jaringan melonjak 10 kali lipat
menjadi 10.000 lebih.<br />
<br />
Tahun 1988, Jarko Oikarinen dari Finland menemukan dan sekaligus memperkenalkan
IRC (Internet Relay Chat). Setahun kemudian, jumlah komputer yang saling
berhubungan kembali melonjak 10 kali lipat dalam setahun. Tak kurang dari
100.000 komputer pada saat itu membentuk sebuah jaringan. Tahun 1990 adalah
tahun yang paling bersejarah, ketika Tim Berners Lee menemukan program editor
dan browser yang bisa menjelajah antara satu komputer dengan komputer lainnya,
yang membentuk jaringan itu. Program inilah yang disebut www, atau World Wide
Web.<br />
<br />
Tahun 1992, komputer yang saling tersambung membentuk jaringan sudah melampaui
sejuta komputer, dan di tahun yang sama muncul istilah surfing (menjelajah).<br />
<br />
Tahun 1994, situs-situs dunia maya telah tumbuh menjadi 3.000 alamat halaman,
dan untuk pertama kalinya virtual-shopping atau e-retail muncul di situs. Dunia
langsung berubah. Di tahun yang sama Yahoo! Didirikan, yang juga sekaligus
tahun kelahiran Netscape Navigator <br />
<br />
</span><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 11.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-field-code: "HYPERLINK \0022http\:\/\/id\.wikipedia\.org\/wiki\/1957\0022";"><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt;">1957</span></u></span></span><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"> </span><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 11.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-field-code: "HYPERLINK \0022http\:\/\/id\.wikipedia\.org\/wiki\/Uni_Soviet\0022";"><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt;">Uni Soviet</span></u></span></span><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"> (sekarang </span><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 11.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-field-code: "HYPERLINK \0022http\:\/\/id\.wikipedia\.org\/wiki\/Rusia\0022";"><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt;">Rusia</span></u></span></span><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">) meluncurkan </span><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 11.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-field-code: "HYPERLINK \0022http\:\/\/id\.wikipedia\.org\/wiki\/Wahana_luar_angkasa\0022 \\o \0022Wahana luar angkasa\0022";"><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt;">wahana luar
angkasa</span></u></span></span><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">, </span><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 11.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-field-code: "HYPERLINK \0022http\:\/\/id\.wikipedia\.org\/wiki\/Sputnik\0022 \\o \0022Sputnik\0022";"><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt;">Sputnik</span></u></span></span><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">. </span><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 11.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-field-code: "HYPERLINK \0022http\:\/\/id\.wikipedia\.org\/wiki\/1958\0022";"><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt;">1958</span></u></span></span><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"> Sebagai buntut dari “kekalahan” Amerika Serikat
dalam meluncurkan wahana luar angkasa, dibentuklah sebuah badan di dalam
Departemen Pertahanan Amerika Serikat, </span><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 11.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-field-code: "HYPERLINK \0022http\:\/\/id\.wikipedia\.org\/w\/index\.php?title=Advanced_Research_Projects_Agency&action=edit&redlink=1\0022 \\o \0022Advanced Research Projects Agency \(halaman belum tersedia\)\0022";"><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt;">Advanced
Research Projects Agency</span></u></span></span><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"> (ARPA), yang
bertujuan agar Amerika Serikat mampu meningkatkan ilmu pengetahuan dan
teknologi negara tersebut. Salah satu sasarannya adalah teknologi </span><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 11.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-field-code: "HYPERLINK \0022http\:\/\/id\.wikipedia\.org\/wiki\/Komputer\0022";"><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt;">komputer</span></u></span></span><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">. </span><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 11.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-field-code: "HYPERLINK \0022http\:\/\/id\.wikipedia\.org\/wiki\/1962\0022";"><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt;">1962</span></u></span></span><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"> </span><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 11.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-field-code: "HYPERLINK \0022http\:\/\/id\.wikipedia\.org\/w\/index\.php?title=J\.C\.R\._Licklider&action=edit&redlink=1\0022 \\o \0022J\.C\.R\. Licklider \(halaman belum tersedia\)\0022";"><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt;">J.C.R. Licklider</span></u></span></span><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"> menulis sebuah tulisan mengenai sebuah visi di mana
komputer-komputer dapat saling dihubungkan antara satu dengan lainnya secara
global agar setiap komputer tersebut mampu menawarkan akses terhadap program
dan juga </span><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 11.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-field-code: "HYPERLINK \0022http\:\/\/id\.wikipedia\.org\/wiki\/Data\0022";"><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt;">data</span></u></span></span><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">. Di tahun ini juga </span><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 11.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-field-code: "HYPERLINK \0022http\:\/\/id\.wikipedia\.org\/w\/index\.php?title=RAND_Corporation&action=edit&redlink=1\0022 \\o \0022RAND Corporation \(halaman belum tersedia\)\0022";"><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt;">RAND Corporation</span></u></span></span><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"> memulai </span><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 11.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-field-code: "HYPERLINK \0022http\:\/\/id\.wikipedia\.org\/wiki\/Riset\0022";"><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt;">riset</span></u></span></span><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"> terhadap ide ini (jaringan komputer terdistribusi),
yang ditujukan untuk tujuan militer.</span></a></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=University_of_California,_Los_Angeles&action=edit&redlink=1" title="University of California, Los Angeles (halaman belum tersedia)"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Awal 1960-an Teori mengenai </span><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-field-code: "HYPERLINK \0022http\:\/\/id\.wikipedia\.org\/w\/index\.php?title=Packet-switching&action=edit&redlink=1\0022 \\o \0022Packet-switching \(halaman belum tersedia\)\0022";"><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt;">packet-switching</span></u></span></span><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"> dapat
diimplementasikan dalam dunia nyata. Pertengahan 1960-an ARPA mengembangkan
ARPANET untuk mempromosikan “<em>Cooperative Networking of Time-sharing
Computers</em>“, dengan hanya empat buah <em>host</em> komputer yang dapat
dihubungkan hingga tahun </span><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-field-code: "HYPERLINK \0022http\:\/\/id\.wikipedia\.org\/wiki\/1969\0022";"><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt;">1969</span></u></span></span><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">, yakni </span><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-field-code: "HYPERLINK \0022http\:\/\/id\.wikipedia\.org\/w\/index\.php?title=Stanford_Research_Institute&action=edit&redlink=1\0022 \\o \0022Stanford Research Institute \(halaman belum tersedia\)\0022";"><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt;">Stanford
Research Institute</span></u></span></span><span style="color: windowtext;">nia,
Los Angeles</span></a>, </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=University_of_California,_Santa_Barbara&action=edit&redlink=1" title="University of California, Santa Barbara (halaman belum tersedia)"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt;">University
of California, Santa Barbara</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt;">, dan </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=University_of_Utah&action=edit&redlink=1" title="University of Utah (halaman belum tersedia)"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt;">University of
Utah</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt;">.
</span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/1965"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt;">1965</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt;"> Istilah “</span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypertext" title="Hypertext"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt;">Hypertext</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt;">” dikeluarkan
oleh </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ted_Nelson&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Ted Nelson (halaman belum tersedia)"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt;">Ted Nelson</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt;">. </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/1968"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt;">1968</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt;"> Jaringan </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tymnet&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Tymnet (halaman belum tersedia)"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt;">Tymnet</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt;"> dibuat. </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/1971"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt;">1971</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt;"> Anggota
jaringan ARPANET bertambah menjadi 23 buah node komputer, yang terdiri atas
komputer-komputer untuk riset milik pemerintah Amerika Serikat dan universitas.
</span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/1972"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt;">1972</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt;"> Sebuah kelompok
kerja yang disebut dengan <em>International Network Working Group</em> (INWG)
dibuat untuk meningkatkan teknologi jaringan komputer dan juga membuat
standar-standar untuk jaringan komputer, termasuk di antaranya adalah Internet.
Pembicara pertama dari organisasi ini adalah </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vint_Cerf" title="Vint Cerf"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt;">Vint
Cerf</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt;">,
yang kemudian disebut sebagai “<strong>Bapak Internet</strong>“ </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/1972"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt;">1972</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt;">-</span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/1974"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt;">1974</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt;"> Beberapa
layanan basis data komersial seperti Dialog, SDC Orbit, Lexis, The New York
Times DataBank, dan lainnya, mendaftarkan dirinya ke ARPANET melalui jaringan
dial-up. </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/1973"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt;">1973</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt;"> ARPANET ke luar
Amerika Serikat: pada tahun ini, anggota ARPANET bertambah lagi dengan masuknya
beberapa universitas di luar Amerika Serikat yakni </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=University_College_of_London&action=edit&redlink=1" title="University College of London (halaman belum tersedia)"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt;">University
College of London</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt;">
dari </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inggris"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt;">Inggris</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt;"> dan </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Royal_Radar_Establishment&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Royal Radar Establishment (halaman belum tersedia)"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt;">Royal
Radar Establishment</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt;">
di </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwegia"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt;">Norwegia</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt;">. </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/1974"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt;">1974</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt;"> Vint Cerf dan </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bob_Kahn&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Bob Kahn (halaman belum tersedia)"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt;">Bob Kahn</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt;"> mempublikasikan
spesifikasi detail protokol </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transmission_Control_Protocol"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt;">Transmission
Control Protocol</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt;">
(TCP) dalam artikel “<em>A Protocol for Packet Network Interconnection</em>“. </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/1974"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt;">1974</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt;"> </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bolt,_Beranet_%26_Newman&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Bolt, Beranet & Newman (halaman belum tersedia)"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt;">Bolt,
Beranet & Newman</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt;">
(BBN), pontraktor untuk ARPANET, membuka sebuah versi komersial dari ARPANET
yang mereka sebut sebagai </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Telenet&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Telenet (halaman belum tersedia)"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt;">Telenet</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt;">, yang merupakan
layanan paket data publik pertama. </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/1977"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt;">1977</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt;"> Sudah ada 111
buah komputer yang telah terhubung ke ARPANET. </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/1978"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt;">1978</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt;"> Protokol TCP
dipecah menjadi dua bagian, yakni </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transmission_Control_Protocol"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt;">Transmission
Control Protocol</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt;">
dan </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Protocol" title="Internet Protocol"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt;">Internet Protocol</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt;"> (</span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/TCP/IP" title="TCP/IP"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt;">TCP/IP</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt;">). </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/1979"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt;">1979</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt;"> Grup diskusi </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usenet"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt;">Usenet</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt;"> pertama dibuat
oleh </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tom_Truscott&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Tom Truscott (halaman belum tersedia)"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt;">Tom Truscott</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt;">, </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jim_Ellis&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Jim Ellis (halaman belum tersedia)"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt;">Jim Ellis</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt;"> dan </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Steve_Bellovin&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Steve Bellovin (halaman belum tersedia)"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt;">Steve Bellovin</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt;">, alumni dari </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duke_University" title="Duke University"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt;">Duke
University</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt;">
dan </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_North_Carolina" title="University of North Carolina"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt;">University of North Carolina</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt;"> </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amerika_Serikat"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt;">Amerika Serikat</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt;">. Setelah itu,
penggunaan Usenet pun meningkat secara drastis.<br />
<br />
Awal 1980-an </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komputer_pribadi"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt;">Komputer
pribadi</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt;">
(PC) mewabah, dan menjadi bagian dari banyak hidup manusia.<br />
<br />
CSNET (<em>Computer Science Network</em>) pun dibangun pada tahun ini oleh para
ilmuwan dan pakar pada bidang ilmu komputer dari </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purdue_University" title="Purdue University"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt;">Purdue
University</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt;">,
</span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Washington" title="University of Washington"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt;">University of Washington</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt;">, </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=RAND_Corporation&action=edit&redlink=1" title="RAND Corporation (halaman belum tersedia)"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt;">RAND Corporation</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt;">, dan BBN,
dengan dukungan dari </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=National_Science_Foundation&action=edit&redlink=1" title="National Science Foundation (halaman belum tersedia)"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt;">National
Science Foundation</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt;">
(NSF). Jaringan ini menyediakan layanan <em>e-mail</em> dan beberapa layanan
lainnya kepada para ilmuwan tersebut tanpa harus mengakses ARPANET.<br />
<br />
1982 Istilah “<strong>Internet</strong>” pertama kali digunakan, dan </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/TCP/IP" title="TCP/IP"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt;">TCP/IP</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt;"> diadopsi
sebagai </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protokol"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt;">protokol</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt;"> universal untuk
jaringan tersebut.<br />
<br />
<em>Name server</em> mulai dikembangkan, sehingga mengizinkan para pengguna
agar dapat terhubung kepada sebuah host tanpa harus mengetahui jalur pasti
menuju <em>host</em> tersebut.<br />
<br />
Tahun ini tercatat ada lebih dari 1000 buah <em>host</em> yang tergabung ke
Internet.<br />
<br />
1986 Diperkenalkan sistem nama domain, yang sekarang dikenal dengan DNS(Domain
Name System)yang berfungsi untuk menyeragamkan sistem pemberian nama alamat di
jaringan komputer.</span></div>
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<h3>
<span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 24.0pt;">JARINGAN KOMPUTER </span></h3>
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<br /></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Konsep
Jaringan Komputer</span></b></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Jaringan
Komputer</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> adalah
kumpulan dua atau lebih komputer yang saling berhubungan untuk melakukan
komunikasi data. Komunikasi data yang bisa dilakukan melalui jaringan komputer
dapat berupa data teks, gambar, video, dan suara. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Dinamakan
sebagai jaringan komputer<i> </i>(<i>Computer Network</i>) jika dalam<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">  </span>sekumpulan komputer tersebut dihubungkan
melalui media fisik dan software yang memfasilitasi komunikasi antara
komputer-komputer tersebut. Sebuah jaringan komputer yang sangat sederhana bisa
diperlihatkan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">  </span>seperti gambar dibawah
ini.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Keuntungan
Penggunaan Jaringan Komputer</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Dengan
dibangunnya sistem jaringan komputer akan memberikan keuntungan - keuntungan
yaitu :</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">· Dapat
saling berbagi (<i>Sharing</i>) sumber daya peralatan (<i>devices</i>) secara
bersama seperti <i>harddisk, printer, modem</i>, dan lain sebagainya tanpa
harus memindahkan peralatan-peralatan tersebut kepada yang membutuhkan. Dengan
demikian terjadi peningkatan efesiensi waktu dalam operasi dan biaya pembelian
hardware.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">· Dapat
saling berbagi (<i>Sharing</i>) penggunaan file atau data yang ada pada server
atau pada masing - masing <i>workstation</i>. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">·  Aplikasi
dapat dipakai bersama sama (multiuser)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">· Akses
ke jaringan memakai nama, password dan pengaturan hak untuk data-data rahasia,
sehingga masing-masing pengguna memiliki otorisasi.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Fungsi
Komputer dalam Jaringan</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">a.     
Jaringan Client Server</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Dalam
jaringan ini satu komputer berfungsi sebagai pusat pelayanan (server) dan
komputer yang lain berfungsi meminta pelayanan (client). Sesuai dengan namanya,
Client-Server berarti adanya pembagian kerja pengolahan data antara client dan
server . Saat ini, sebagian besar jaringan menggunakan model client/server. </span><a href="http://debianzakariamustin.blogspot.co.id/"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Http://Debianzakariamustin.blogspot.co.id</span></a><span style="color: red; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-no-proof: yes;"><img border="0" height="264" src="file:///C:\Users\acer\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image025.gif" width="346" /></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">b</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> 
</span>Jaringan peer-to-peer</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Dalam
jaringan ini tidak ada komputer yang berfungsi khusus, dan semua komputer dapat
berfungsi sebagai client dan server dalam satu saat yang bersamaan. </span><a href="http://debianzakariamustin.blogspot.co.id/"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Http://Debianzakariamustin.blogspot.co.id</span></a><span style="color: red; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-no-proof: yes;"><img border="0" height="196" src="file:///C:\Users\acer\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image027.gif" width="298" /></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Jangkauan
Area Jaringan</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">a. LAN.
(Local Area Network)</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">      </span>LAN</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> menggambarkan suatu jaringan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">  </span>yang menjangkau area yang terbatas, misalnya
satu kantor satu gedung, dimana komputer yang mempunyai jaringan<i> </i>secara
fisik berdekatan satu dengan lainnya. Jaraknya kurang lebih sampai dengan 10
Km.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Keuntungan
Jaringan LAN adalah :</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pertukaran
file dapat dilakukan dengan mudah (File Sharing). </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pemakaian
printer dapat dilakukan oleh semua client (Printer Sharing). </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">File-file
data dapat disimpan pada server, sehingga data dapat diakses dari semua client
menurut otorisasi. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">File data
yang keluar/masuk dari/ke server dapat di kontrol. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Proses
backup data menjadi lebih mudah dan cepat.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-no-proof: yes;"><img border="0" height="250" src="file:///C:\Users\acer\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image029.gif" width="314" /></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">b. MAN
(Metropolitan Area Network)</span></b></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">merupakan
jaringan dengan area lebih luas dari LAN, yang bisa terdiri dari dua atau lebih
LAN yang dihubungkan bersama-sama dalam batas-batas kira-kira suatu kawasan
metropolitan atau satu kota. Jarak maksimum yang dijangkau MAN kira-kira 80 kilometer.</span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhGtlDdctOEOLApxJcGxlcVyffyVfKrGsMB6o3CoC21rqAVqv5CxZFOO7c_9ig_n7H6coKBIlPk8EkLLM2ctSLIJcfeqlPAVun5sVmSlb7JEVGPIfNDAgcVZ8OQhaWbZ8wB4lite5gbVRs/s1600/wman-wireless+metropolitan+area+network+-+transiskom.png"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout;"><img alt="Wireless MAN (WMAN)" border="0" height="232" src="file:///C:\Users\acer\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image031.gif" width="367" /></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">c.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">  </span>WAN (Wide Area Network)</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">adalah
jaringan yang menjangkau area geografik paling luas, bisa antar pulau, Negara,
benua, bahkan bisa ke luar angkasa. Contoh terbaik dan sangat terkenal adalah <i>Internet</i>.
Tetapi, WAN dapat juga menjadi <i>network</i> pribadi. Sebagai contoh, suatu
perusahaan dengan kantor-kantor di berbagai negara dapat memiliki WAN yang
menghubungkan berbagai lokasi melalui hubungan telepon, satelit dan
teknologi-teknologi lainnya. Biasanya WAN terdiri dari banyak LAN yang saling dihubungkan</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">. </span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj9ILyN1fBgAhb4jyyJtOrkN79a-BEcxCD9Ml2MqNOcpA3UJfnGEo7Gr2jlpuRYi08CQT8xWVdyOQ9rmiLZ-uu6X0LBdSEbqdKNb2GxiYRcBzjR0mizUqyvSBlI0GEE4Fa_fQzwUmyLz1g/s1600/wwan+wireless+wide+area+network+-+transiskom.jpg"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout;"><img alt="Wireless WAN (WWAN)" border="0" height="252" src="file:///C:\Users\acer\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image033.gif" width="448" /></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">d.<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Internet</span></span></b></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-language: IN;">•</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-language: IN;">      </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Merupakan jaringan juga</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-language: IN;">•</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-language: IN;">      </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">gabungan dari jaringan –
jaringan kecil yang ada di dunia yang bergabung menjadi satu jaringan yang
besar di dunia.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-language: IN;">•</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-language: IN;">      </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Dengan policy yang sama
memungkinkan beberapa sistem operasi bisa saling berkomunikasi (Analogi :
Beberapa suku bangsa saling berkomunikasi menggunakan bahasa komunikasi satu
yaitu : Inggris)<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">  </span></span><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-no-proof: yes;"><img alt="Hasil gambar untuk server" border="0" height="218" src="file:///C:\Users\acer\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image035.gif" width="343" /></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Topologi
Jaringan</span></b></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Sebuah LAN
dapat diimplementasikan dengan berbagai macam topologi. Topologi yang dimaksud
di sini merupakan struktur jaringan fisik yang digunakan untuk
mengimplementasikan LAN tersebut. Topologi dasar yang bisa digunakan dalam
jaringan komputer adalah :</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-language: IN;">•</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-language: IN;">     
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">topologi bus
(linear)</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-language: IN;">•</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-language: IN;">     
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">topologi
ring (cincin)</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-language: IN;">•</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-language: IN;">     
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">topologi
star (bintang)</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-language: IN;">•</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-language: IN;">     
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">topologi
Tree (pohon)</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-language: IN;">•</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-language: IN;">     
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">topologi
Mash (web)</span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">   </span></span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Topologi Bus</span></b></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-language: IN;">•</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-language: IN;">     
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Topologi bus
diimplementasikan dengan menggunakan media fisik berupa kabel koaksial. Topologi
ini umumnya digunakan untuk jaringan komputer yang terhubung secara sederhana
sehingga komputer-komputer yang terlibat di dalamnya bisa berkomunikasi satu
sama lainnya. Realisasi dari topologi bus ini adalah adanya sebuah jalur utama
yang menjadi penghubung antar komputer.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-no-proof: yes;"><img border="0" height="194" src="file:///C:\Users\acer\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image036.jpg" width="259" /></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<img align="left" height="166" hspace="12" src="file:///C:\Users\acer\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image037.jpg" width="193" /><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Topologi Ring</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Bentuk ini
merupakan bus Network yang ujung-ujungnya dipertemukan kembali sehingga
membentuk suatu lingkaran, setiap informasi yang diperoleh diperiksa alamatnya
oleh terminal yang dilewati.</span><span style="background: black; border: none black 1.0pt; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; layout-grid-mode: line; mso-border-alt: none black 0cm; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-width: 0%; padding: 0cm;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<img align="left" height="207" hspace="12" src="file:///C:\Users\acer\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image038.jpg" width="244" /><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Topologi Star</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Topologi
model ini didesain dimana setiap node (file server, workstation, dan perangkat
lainnya) terkoneksi ke jaringan melewati sebuah hub atau concentrator. Data
yang terkirim ke jaringan akan melewati hub/concentrator sebelum melanjutkan ke
tempat tujuannya. Hub ataupun concentrator akan mengatur dan mengontrol
keseluruhan fungsi jaringan. Dia juga bertindak sebagai repeater/penguat aliran
data. Konfigurasi pada jaringan model ini menggunakan kabel Tweisted pair, dan
dapat digunakan bersama  kabel koaksial atau kabel fiber optic.</span><span style="background: black; border: none black 1.0pt; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; layout-grid-mode: line; mso-border-alt: none black 0cm; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-width: 0%; padding: 0cm;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Topologi
Tree </span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Topologi
tree merupakan perpaduan antara topologi bus dan star, yang terdiri dari
kelompok-kelompok dari workstation konfigurasi Bintang yang terkoneksi ke kabel
utama yang menggunakan topologi Bus. Topologi ini memungkinkan untuk
pengembangan jaringan yang telah ada, dan memungkinkan sebuah perusahaan mengkonfigurasi
jaringan sesuai dengan kebutuhannya.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> <span style="mso-no-proof: yes;"><img border="0" height="228" src="file:///C:\Users\acer\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image039.jpg" width="221" /></span></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
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<img align="left" height="205" hspace="12" src="file:///C:\Users\acer\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image040.jpg" width="195" /><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Topologi Mash/web</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Topologi ini
juga disebut sebagai jaring, karena setiap komputer akan berhubungan pada
tiap-tiap komputer lain yang tersambung. Topologi ini jarang sekali diterapkan
dalam LAN karena alasan pemborosan kabel dan sulitnya instalasi, selain itu
juga sulit mendeteksi keamanannya. Biasanya model ini diterapkan pada WAN atau
internet sehingga disebut sebagai topologi web. Keuntungannya bahwa kita bisa
melakukan komunikasi data melalui banyak jalur, jika jalur satu terputus, maka
kita bisa menggunakan jalur yang lain.</span><span style="background: black; border: none black 1.0pt; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; layout-grid-mode: line; mso-border-alt: none black 0cm; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-width: 0%; padding: 0cm;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Media
Transmisi</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Media
transmisi adalah media atau perangkat yang berfungsi untuk menghubungkan secara
fisik bagi komunikasi data antara komputer satu dengan komputer lainnya. Secara
garis besar media transmisi pada jaringan komputer dibedakan menjadi tiga
media, yaitu : Kabel, Wireless, Satelit (VSAT)</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">a. Kabel</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Tipe-tipe
kabel yang digunakan di dalam jaringan LAN adalah<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">  </span>: </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-themecolor: text1;">·        </span><a href="http://www.geocities.com/lnxfoldersku/"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-themecolor: text1;">Kabel</span></a><a href="http://www.geocities.com/lnxfoldersku/"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-themecolor: text1;"> Unshielded Twisted
Pair (UTP)</span></a><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-themecolor: text1;"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-themecolor: text1;">·        </span><a href="http://www.geocities.com/lnxfoldersku/"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-themecolor: text1;">Kabel</span></a><a href="http://www.geocities.com/lnxfoldersku/"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-themecolor: text1;"> Shielded Twisted
Pair (STP)</span></a><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-themecolor: text1;"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-themecolor: text1;">·        </span><a href="http://www.geocities.com/lnxfoldersku/"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-themecolor: text1;">Kabel</span></a><a href="http://www.geocities.com/lnxfoldersku/"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-themecolor: text1;"> </span></a><a href="http://www.geocities.com/lnxfoldersku/"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-themecolor: text1;">Koaksial</span></a><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-themecolor: text1;"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-themecolor: text1;">·        </span><a href="http://www.geocities.com/lnxfoldersku/"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-themecolor: text1;">Kabel</span></a><a href="http://www.geocities.com/lnxfoldersku/"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-themecolor: text1;"> Fiber Optic</span></a><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-themecolor: text1;"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Kabel
Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP) </span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Kabel <i>twisted
pair</i> ada dua tipe yaitu <i>shielded </i>dan<i> unshielded</i>. <i>Unshielded
twisted pair (UTP)</i> adalah yang paling populer dan umumnya merupakan pilihan
yang terbaik untuk jaringan sederhana. Kualitas kabel UTP berbeda dengan
telephone, Kabel ini mempunyai 4 pasang kabel di dalamnya, dan setiap pasangan
adalah kembar. Kabel ini cocok untuk topologi star(bintang).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Spesifikasi
Teknis dari twisted pairs adalah :</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">-        
Jarak terjauh 100 meter.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">-        
Dihubungkan dengan konektor RJ-45.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">-        
Memiliki beberapa kategori, yaitu : kategori 1, 2, 3, 4, dan 5.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-no-proof: yes;"><img border="0" height="179" src="file:///C:\Users\acer\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image041.jpg" width="281" /><img border="0" height="187" src="file:///C:\Users\acer\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image042.jpg" width="269" /></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Kabel
Koaksial </span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Kabel
Koaksial adalah kabel yang memiliki satu konduktor copper ditengahnya. Jenis
kabel ini biasanya digunakan untuk topologi Bus.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Ada dua
jenis tipe kabel koaksial yaitu <i>kabel koaksial thick</i> dan <i>kabel
koaksial thin.</i> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Kemampuan
Teknis dari kabel ini adalah :</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">-   Mampu
menjangkau bentangan maksimum 500 meter.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">-   Impedansi
terminator 50 Ohm.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">- 
Membutuhkan Transceiver sebelum dihubungkan dengan komputer</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-no-proof: yes;"><img border="0" height="157" src="file:///C:\Users\acer\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image043.jpg" width="322" /></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Kabel Fiber
Optik </span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Kabel serat
optik (<i>fiber optic</i>) mempunyai kemampuan mentransmisi cahaya menjadi
sinyal elektronik melewati jarak yang jauh dan mempunyai kecepatan</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> yang tinggi.</span><span style="background: black; border: none black 1.0pt; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 0pt; layout-grid-mode: line; mso-border-alt: none black 0cm; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-width: 0%; padding: 0cm;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-no-proof: yes;"><img border="0" height="194" src="file:///C:\Users\acer\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image044.jpg" width="259" /></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">b.Wireless</span></b></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEinobYV0TXEnkky055ZhmFFibevHficF789wdHi97boM2bkU5qebcDTe9dl03C2O2LxQXMEw-RBD7IyMskLxvH4dfOLHYQDJ2GkAdDts51CEpFKLn3YD2BNbO4QQurJ1aPRpCwumUC01uI/s1600/Wireless+Network+-+Transiskom.jpg"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout;"><img alt="Pengertian Wireless Network" border="0" height="255" src="file:///C:\Users\acer\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image045.jpg" width="400" /></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Wireless
network</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> atau <b>jaringan
tanpa kabel</b> adalah salah satu jenis jaringan berdarsarkan media
komunikasinya, yang memungkinkan perangkat-perangat didalamnya seperti
komputer, hp, dll bisa saling berkomunikasi secara wireless/tanpa kabel.
Wireless network umumnya diimplementasikan menggunakan komunikasi radio.
Implementasi ini berada pada level lapisan fisik (pysical layer) dari OSI
model.<br />
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><br />
<b>Tipe-tipe Wireless Network</b></span></div>
<ol start="1" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: left;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Wireless PAN (WPAN)</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><br />
     </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Wireless
     Personal Area Network (WPAN) adalah jaringan wireless dengan jangkauan
     area yang kecil. Contohnya Bluetooth, Infrared, dan ZigBee.<br />
     <br />
     </span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjy3hrxQ6aKVx0Lm24c8BSdWgYmwD-pYw6xeA3IJOsDyK9SQyOVCwUfA9E1glEfJ685pCmTYafXYFpjwmIrX29EEiQ4Z0GOM5LzVvI6URMbvfhPFz_EDVVxx84tHmKkULroLneB7iq2O4Q/s1600/wireless-personal-area-network-transiskom.png"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout;"><img alt="Wireless PAN (WPAN)" border="0" height="228" src="file:///C:\Users\acer\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image047.jpg" width="320" /></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: left;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Wireless LAN (WLAN) / Wifi</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><br />
     </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Wireless
     Local Area Network (WLAN) atau biasa disebut Wifi memiliki jangkauan yang
     jauh lebih luas dibanding WPAN. Saat ini WLAN mengalami banyak peningkatan
     dari segi kecepatan dan luas cakupannya. Awalnya WLAN ditujukan untuk
     penggunaan perangkat jaringan lokal, namun saat ini lebih banyak digunakan
     untuk mengakses internet.<br />
     </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><br />
     </span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg3AEXK2mdErZqxbjjX6FBYedrWDE2zsc5Y2MM0ShYgboJtl7j3Pa315rNVyKAz3UUwn7zOnd11dPXykekoxvEjLNn35-xd9NYoUyujZSij3aQ53IUamGHZ5LDGs0YTeY9WM10bTLi0Kl8/s1600/WLAN-wireless-local-area-network-transiskom.jpg"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout;"><img alt="Wireless LAN (WLAN) / Wifi" border="0" height="257" src="file:///C:\Users\acer\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image048.jpg" width="320" /></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: left;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Wireless MAN (WMAN)</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><br />
     </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Wireless
     Metropolitan Area Network (WMAN) adalah jaringan wireless network yang
     menghubungkan beberapa jaringan WLAN. Contoh teknologi WMAN adalah WiMAX.<br />
     </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><br />
     </span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhGtlDdctOEOLApxJcGxlcVyffyVfKrGsMB6o3CoC21rqAVqv5CxZFOO7c_9ig_n7H6coKBIlPk8EkLLM2ctSLIJcfeqlPAVun5sVmSlb7JEVGPIfNDAgcVZ8OQhaWbZ8wB4lite5gbVRs/s1600/wman-wireless+metropolitan+area+network+-+transiskom.png"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout;"><img alt="Wireless MAN (WMAN)" border="0" height="185" src="file:///C:\Users\acer\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image050.jpg" width="320" /></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: left;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Wireless WAN (WWAN)</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><br />
     </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Wireless
     Wide Area Network adalah jaringan wireless yang umumnya menjangkau area
     luas misalnya menghubungkan kantor pusat dan cabang antar provinsi.<br />
     <br />
     </span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj9ILyN1fBgAhb4jyyJtOrkN79a-BEcxCD9Ml2MqNOcpA3UJfnGEo7Gr2jlpuRYi08CQT8xWVdyOQ9rmiLZ-uu6X0LBdSEbqdKNb2GxiYRcBzjR0mizUqyvSBlI0GEE4Fa_fQzwUmyLz1g/s1600/wwan+wireless+wide+area+network+-+transiskom.jpg"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout;"><img alt="Wireless WAN (WWAN)" border="0" height="205" src="file:///C:\Users\acer\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image051.jpg" width="400" /></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: left;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Cellular Network</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><br />
     </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Cellular
     Network atau Mobile Network adalah jaringan radio terdistribusi yang
     melayani media komunikasi perangkat mobile seperti handphone, pager, dll.
     Contoh sistem dari Cellular Network ini adalah GSM, PCS, dan D-AMPS.<br />
     <br />
     </span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj986VJbErIT7_hnbqFa7B7H3Pi7xHfPbSxoJYwykYa8IiWSR8ioUYvU8yh463VwOOShzkjiQiCRo3pbGLA_yp18sXEZ8GLWQwpNgt4s-KVkgeMHjbnXnuvZMhELhIOxhOWAYlQCuGPbfk/s1600/cellular+network+-+transiskom.png"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout;"><img alt="Cellular Network" border="0" height="168" src="file:///C:\Users\acer\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image053.jpg" width="320" /></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></li>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">c. Satelit</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Suatu
alternatif yang dapat ditawarkan untuk potong kompas jaringan WAN ialah dengan
jaringan VSAT (satelit). </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Kemampuan
teknik VSAT adalah: </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-language: IN;">•</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-language: IN;">     
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">kecepatan
bit akses tinggi</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-language: IN;">•</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-language: IN;">     
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">jaringan
akses dengan keandalannya mendekati 100%</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-language: IN;">•</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-language: IN;">     
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">bisa
dipasang dimana saja selama masuk dalam jangkauan satelit</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-language: IN;">•</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-language: IN;">     
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">tidak
memerlukan telekomunikasi PSTN</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-language: IN;">•</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-language: IN;">     
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">gangguan
sinyal, besarnya throughput, delay karena propagasi satelit geostasioner. 
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Pengantar Teknologi Informasi ("Kuliah STMIK NH Jambi")